Para vigaŵa vya graphene vyaŵikika pa vinyake, vikupanga graphite. Milimita yimoza ya graphite yili na vigaŵa pafupifupi 3 miliyoni vya graphene. Para munthu wakulemba pensulo pa pepara mwakupepuka, wakukhala na vimanyikwiro ivyo vingaŵa vigaŵa vichoko waka panji nanga ni chigaŵa chimoza cha graphene. Chifukwa chakuti chili na vigaŵa viŵiri vyakukwana, chikugwira ntchito nga ni chinthu chakusazgirako mu vinthu vinandi vyasono.
Para tikuyowoya za graphene, kwambura kukayika, ivyo vikuyowoyeka comene ni mphoto ya Nobel mu 2010 mu Physics, iyo ŵasayansi ŵaŵiri ŵakagaŵana cifukwa ca kafukufuku wawo wakuzirwa comene pa graphene. Sonosono apa, yunivesite ya Fudan yikapharazga kuti ŵakusanda ŵake, pamoza na awo ŵakufuma ku yunivesite ya National University of Singapore, ŵapanga nthowa yiphya yakunozgera graphene iyo yikugwira ntchito makora chomene ndipo luso lake lingasazgikira mwambura kusuzga kuti lipangike mu mafakitale.
Nchakuzizika kuti gulu la kafukufuku likatora nthowa yakupambana comene na nthowa yakale ya kusindikizga dankha mapepara ndipo pamanyuma pake kukolerana na mabizinesi. Ŵakasanga vinthu viphya mu 2013, ŵakapeleka patent mu 2014, ŵakapeleka patent ku kampani yinyake ya mu charu ichi mu 2015, ndipo ŵakapharazga waka ivyo ŵakasanga pa Intaneti mu 2014.Kudumbiskana kwa chilengiwapa Januwale 8. Lu Hongbin, yumoza wa ŵalongozgi ŵa gulu la Dipatimenti ya Sayansi ya Macromolecular na State Key Laboratory ya Uinjiniya wa Mamolekyulu gha Mapolymer ku Yunivesite ya Fudan, wakati na kumwemwetera: “Vinthu viwemi vikwenera kulindilirika;
Chithunzithunzi cha atomiki (a), mtundu wa Raman (b), mtundu wa X-ray photoelectron (c), na chithunzithunzi chikuru cha nkhongono ya atomu (d) cha graphene iyo yili kunozgekera; mapulani a graphene thickness kugaŵira (e) ndi lateral kukula chiŵerengero (f).
Chithunzi ni Dong Lei
Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵakumanya kuti graphene ni zina pera yayi pa mndandanda wa Mphoto ya Nobel - iyo yikuphatikizgika kale pafupi na umoyo wa zuŵa na zuŵa. Iwo ulipo mwachibadwa pa charu, nangauli kupatura graphene yimoza-layer nchinthu chipusu yayi. Kuŵikika pa mzere, graphene wakupanga graphite, na 1 milimita ya graphite iyo yili na mzere wa graphene pafupifupi 3 miliyoni. Chimanyikwiro cha pensulo pa pepala chingaŵa cha graphene chinandi panji chimoza pera. Chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake kawemi ka 2D, kakugwira ntchito nga ni chinthu chakusazgirako mu vinthu vyakupambanapambana vyakupangika:
· Kuwonjezera pa vyakuvwara vyapadera vya polima, vikusazgirako umoyo wa uteŵeti kwizira mu katundu muwemi wakukanizga;
· Kugwiriskira ncito nga ni wovwiri wa conductive mu mabatire, kapangikiro kake ka 2D kakovwira kuti magesi ghayenderenge mwaluŵiro, ndipo ghakupangiska kuti magesi ghaŵe ghaluŵiro comene;
· Kuphatikizgika mu vingwe na vipangizo vyakutenthemeska magesi, nkhongono zake zapadera za magesi na zakutenthemeska zikupangiska kuti vinthu viŵe makora chomene.
Pakuti nchakuzirwa comene, nthowa ziwemi zakunozgekera zazgoka cilato ca mpikisano ku ŵasambiri na ŵamalonda. Ŵasayansi ŵaŵiri ŵa ku yunivesite ya Manchester, Andre Geim na Konstantin Novoselov, ŵakasanga nthowa yipusu chomene yakusangira viwangwa vya graphite ivyo vikuwonda chomene. Ŵakaseŵanga viwangwa vya graphite vya pyrolytic ivyo vikaŵa vyakuwoneka makora comene, ŵakaviŵika ku vigaŵa vyose viŵiri pa tepi yapadera yakumatira, ndipo ŵakagaŵa viwangwa ivi mwa kuphyora tepi. Kuwerezgawerezga nthowa iyi kukapangiska kuti paŵe ma sheet ghakuwonda comene, ndipo paumaliro pake pakaŵa viwangwa ivyo vikaŵa na atomu yimoza pera ya carbon: graphene. Kufuma nyengo iyo, nthowa zinandi ziphya zakunozgera zawoneka, ndipo pamanyuma pa vyaka vinkhondi vyakupangika, mafakitale-kupanga graphene kwafika pafupi.
Pulofesa Lu Hongbin wakapeleka ku graphene maudindo ghatatu ghakuti “ghawemi chomene pa charu chose”:
· Chinthu chakuwonda chomene icho chikumanyikwa, pa 0.335 nanometers pera;
· Chinthu chakukhora chomene, chakukhora chomene kuluska chisulo ka 100;
·Munthu wakunozga chomene wakutenthemeska, wakujumpha nyengo zakujumpha 10 kuluska siliva.
Kusazgirapo apa, graphene yili na nkhongono zinandi comene zakucitira vinthu, ndipo yikuluska silikoni mwa maudindo ghaŵiri. Pakuŵa chinthu chakuzirwa chomene icho chikuwoneka, chinthu ichi cha 2D chili na nkhongono zikuru zakugwiriskira ntchito mu vipangizo vyamahara, ndege, kusunga nkhongono, kunozga chilengiwa, na vinyake vinandi.
Kweni, kukwaniska kupanga makora, kukuru-kupanga graphene yapachanya- kwa nyengo yitali kwaŵa chinthu chikuru icho chikukanizga kugwiriskira ntchito kwake kwakuthandazgika.
Graphene ilipo mwacilengiwa, ndipo nthowa yiwemi yakunozgekera njakuti ŵafumiske graphite ya flake yacilengiwa kuŵa graphene mu maji ghanyake ghakusungunura. Mu mazgu ghanyake, pakuti graphene ni hydrophobic, vinthu vinandi ivyo vikupangiska kuti maji ghaŵe pa mtunda vikwenera kusazgikira ku maji pa nyengo yakufumiskiramo viwangwa, usange yayi, kupatukana kuli pafupifupi kwambura kucitika. Nthowa zakumanyikwa zikukhumba matani ghatatu gha vyakupangiska kuti thupi liŵe na oxidation nga ni potaziyamu permanganate kuti zipangiske tani yimoza ya graphene, kusintha kuŵa graphene oxide pambere zindafumiskikepo na kuchepeskeka. Nthowa iyi yikupangiska kuti maji ghanandi ghakufipirwa ghafumemo mu oxidation, kuchepeskako, na kutozga, uku ghakunangaso vinthu vinyake vyapadera vya graphene.
Kasi gulu la kafukufuku likathereska wuli masuzgo agha? Ŵakatora nthowa yakuthandazgikira yambura kukhazikika mwa kuŵika mphepo yichoko chomene ya ionizable oxygen-iyo yili na magulu ghakugwira ntchito pa malo gha graphene, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe mtundu wa luwiro, wapachanya-wakupanga vipambi pa ultragh{{2} concentrations. Pafupifupi 90% ya chinthu chakufumiskikapo ni graphene yimoza-layer na viheni vichoko waka vya lattice, kumazga makora masuzgo ghakusungirako na kunyamura kwa mapulogalamu ghakuru -. Kweniso, maji gha graphene slurry agho ghakupangika na nthowa iyi ghakulongora kuti ghali na katundu muwemi wa rheological ndipo ghangagwiliskirika nchito mwaluŵiro ku 3D -kusindikizga ma aerogels gha graphene gha mawonekero ghakupambanapambana, kujura nthowa ziphya zakugwiriskira ncito graphene mu kusunga nkhongono, kupwelelera chilengiwa, na kupwelelera vinthu vinandi.
